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By analysing their DNA to find the genes that code for the different colour receptors in the eye. Most mammals, including Satchel and Bucky, have only two different types of colour receptor, giving them the same kind of colour perception as humans with red-sensitive colour blindness. Some monkeys, including ourselves, have a third gene for colour receptors, and this allows us to tell the difference between green and red. We know, from analysing the human genome, that this third gene arose as a duplication of one of the other colour receptor genes a few million years ago. The two genes sit next to one another on the chromosome, and they differ by just a few “letters” of the DNA code, but that’s enough to allow us to tell a ripe tomato from an unripe one.